Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity AND epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, AND of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical AND critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, AND how absolutizing its demANDs in such a manner as to undermine the veracity AND epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth AND KNOWLEDGE justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems AND divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes AND divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, AND impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons AND causes of family problems AND divorce which were confirmed in minor studies AND cases.

This research was carried out with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of the self-KNOWLEDGE educational package based on the theory of existentialism on the illogical beliefs of communication on people. The statistical population included all married people who referred to counseling AND psychological centers in Tehran's 1st AND 3rd districts with marital problems. In the current research, experimental research method of quasi-experimental type of pre-test AND post-test design with control group was used. In the research sample, 16 people who had a high level of irrational beliefs were selected voluntarily based on the answers to the voluntary questionnaire of counseling centers, AND 8 people were rANDomly replaced in the experimental AND control groups. The data collection tool was Adilson AND Epstein's communication irrational beliefs questionnaire, which was conducted with a pre-test AND post-test design with a control group AND 12 data collection training sessions. Multivariate analysis of covariance or MANOVA method was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of covariance in the Mankva text showed that in the main hypothesis, the analysis of covariance in the variable of couples' irrational beliefs (sig=0.02, F=6.059) is significant. The results of the sub-hypotheses also showed that the analysis of covariance in the variable of destructiveness, belief in the changeability of the spouse, belief in mind reading, belief in sexual perfectionism AND sexual differences of couples is significant. the self-KNOWLEDGE education based on the existentialism approach is effective on the irrational beliefs of married people.

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, KNOWLEDGE AND falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that KNOWLEDGE could be absolutely certain, AND that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as KNOWLEDGE AND falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation AND the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe OBJECTs AND events in the OBJECTive (noumenal) state, AND that subjective KNOWLEDGE must contain (AND is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions AND KNOWLEDGE are obtained by the biological AND evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have KNOWLEDGE of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, AND hence that all KNOWLEDGE is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori KNOWLEDGE, AND admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

The addition of the infinitive to the subject or OBJECT is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understANDing the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the OBJECT. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case AND also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method AND by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or OBJECT in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses AND narrations of the same subject of the verse AND paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The use of these solutions in order to provide a correct AND expressive translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the OBJECT is necessary: The use of verb in the translation of the infinitive, the use of an appropriate word for translation of the pronoun, the use of an appropriate word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the use of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing AND the avoidance of literal translation.

2Natural hazards such as floods have a devastating impact on rural areas, particularly affecting farmers. This research aimed to analyze the KNOWLEDGE AND skill levels of agricultural communities in Karaj Township regarding flood risk management. The research employed a descriptive-correlational strategy. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by researchers, with validity confirmed by academic staff from the University of Zanjan AND Tarbiat Modares University. The Cronbach's alpha test (coefficient of 0.91) confirmed the reliability of the measurement. The statistical population of the research included 1,188 farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023. The statistical population of the research comprised farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023, totaling 1,188 farmers. The Cochran formula determined a sample size of 112 farmers. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed AND reviewed using the weighted score AND the priority level of each item was identified. The results indicated that the technical KNOWLEDGE of 82.1% of the study subjects in flood management was at an average level or lower, AND the skills of 72.3% of them in flood management were also at an average level or lower. Moreover, the correlation test indicated a significantly positive relationship between farmers' flood management KNOWLEDGE AND their level of education, the number of support loans received, the amount of compensation from agricultural insurance, communication with farmers in their village AND neighboring villages, participation in flood management extension-training courses, AND the use of mass AND electronic extension media in flood management. Their KNOWLEDGE was also negatively associated with their age. Furthermore, farmers' flood management skills were directly AND significantly related to agricultural income, annual income, support loans received, compensation from agricultural insurance, level of education, AND household size. However, these skills were negatively associated with age. It is recommended to create job security, improve farmers’ social status, encourage their children to study agricultural fields AND provide a platform for educated individuals to enter the agricultural sector.

The Abrahamic religions include the three monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, AND Islam. All of these religions consider Abraham as their ancestor, AND they consider science to be the KNOWLEDGE of the universe AND humanity, which are divine revelations. The framework of science in the Abrahamic religions uses three basic concepts: 1) monotheism (as a fundamental principle, a single AND all-encompassing Divine vision) 2) the universe (as a divine creation) 3) science (as an all-encompassing KNOWLEDGE about the world as the sign of God). The purpose of writing this paper is to find the common principles governing science among Abrahamic religions, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources. The results of this research is an intellectual attempt to draw on the commonalities between various Abrahamic religions in the areas of constructive dialogue in the field of globalization, based on revelatory AND spiritual teachings, to achieve the unification of the world, which is one of the divine promises AND is rooted in the natural foundations of humanity.

Purpose: Current study has been done to assess the ability to understAND the Vocabularies used in the user interface of Web of KNOWLEDGE AND Scopus databases by Shahid Beheshti’s graduate students.Methodology: The methodology of present research is quantitative. A survey has been done as a research method. The research population was graduate students studying in Shahid Beheshti University AND the rANDom sampling method is used. The data were collected by questionnaire from 350 graduate students who 309 (88%) of them responded to the questionnaire.Findings: The results showed that Vocabularies used in interfaces of both databases had good capabilities of understANDing. 69.4% of Vocabularies studied in Web of KNOWLEDGE have very high AND high level of understANDing AND 30.6% of words had the modest capabilities of understANDing. According to results of words studied in Scopus, 59.5% of Vocabularies had very high AND high capabilities of understANDing. However 24.3% of the words have the modest AND the 16.2% of the Vocabularies had low AND very low capabilities of understANDing.Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the plural words have higher level of understANDing than singular words; also the level of understANDing of short sentences is higher than long sentences; the understANDing level of imperatives sentences is higher than declarative sentences AND adjectival phrases AND explanation of the words effect on the understANDing of words concept. The results of the research showed that familiarity with AND use of the database AND the KNOWLEDGE of English language effect on the better understANDing of words. Finally, by using the obtained results AND to enhance of the Vocabularies understANDing capabilities the suggestions is presented.

Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, AND you may be right, AND by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative KNOWLEDGE of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for AND against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence AND presumed KNOWLEDGE are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental AND natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent AND unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics AND astronomy.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day stANDard using curve fitting models for genetic AND management practices. Individual curves do not have a stANDard shape in all cases, AND can deviate from the stANDard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, AND type of fitted models. These non-stANDard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing AND reversed stANDards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) AND Pollott (biological), on 7659 AND 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 AND 776 first calving Iranian Simmental AND Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) AND decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of stANDard curves from the Pollott AND Wood models were 85.5% AND 62.2% for Simmental, AND 83.1% AND 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% AND 16.9%, Simmental AND Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed stANDard was the most (22.3% AND 16.5%, Simmental AND Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of stANDardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).